The Conflict Climate Change Nexus: Where is the Evidence?

Source (full references available in Scartozzi 2020)	Period Analyzed	Region	IV	Link	DV	*
(Adano et al. 2012)	1950-2010	Africa	+P	Y	+NSC/+IV	ac
(Almer, Laurent-Lucchetti, and Oechslin 2017)	1990-2011	Africa	+D	Y	+INTRA/+NSC
(Burke et al. 2009)	1981-2002	Africa	+T	Y	+INTRA	abcd
(Detges 2016)	1990-2010	Africa	+D/-P	Y	+INTRA	c
(Fjelde and von Uexkull 2012)	1990-2008	Africa	-P	Y	+NSC	bcd
(Hendrix and Glaser 2007)	1981-2002	Africa	CV	Y	INTRA	abce
(Hendrix and Salehyan 2012)	1990-2008	Africa	^P	Y	INTRA/NSC	abcd
(Maystadt and Ecker 2014)	1997-2009	Africa	D	Y	+INTRA/+NSC	bd
(Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti 2004)	1979-1999	Africa	^P	Y	+INTRA	ade
(Nordkvelle, Rustad, and Salmivalli 2017)	1989-2013	Africa	+D/DIS	Y	+NSC
(O’Loughlin et al. 2012)	1990-2009	Africa	+T	Y	^INTRA	bcd
(Papaioannou 2016)	1912-1945	Africa	^P	Y	INTRA/NSC/IV	c
(Raleigh and Kniveton 2012)	1997-2009	Africa	^P	Y	+INTRA/NSC	abc
(Raleigh, Choi, and Kniveton 2015)	1997-2010	Africa	-P/D	Y	+INTRA/NSC	c
(Rowhani et al. 2011)	2000-2006	Africa	+V	Y	+INTRA	a
(Theisen 2012)	1989-2004	Africa	+P	Y	+INTRA/NSC	a
(Benjaminsen et al. 2012)	1992-2009	Africa	-W	N	^C	a
(Buhaug 2010a)	1981-2002	Africa	+T/^P	N	^INTRA	abcd
(Buhaug and Theisen 2012)	1960-2004	Africa	^P/+D	N	^INTRA	a
(Couttenier and Soubeyran 2013)	1957-2005	Africa	+D	N	+INTRA	d
(Kevane and Gray 2008)	1980-2000	Africa	-P	N	+INTRA	b
(Meier, Bond, and Bond 2007)	2004-2005	Africa	P	N	+NSC	bce
(Theisen, Holtermann, and Buhaug 2011)	1960-2004	Africa	D	N	INTRA	bd
(von Uexkull et al. 2016)	1989-2014	Africa-Asia	D	Y	^INTRA
(Bai and Kung 2011)	220b.c.-1839	Asia	+D/-P	Y	+C	ad
(Bhavnani and Lacina 2015)	1982-2000	Asia	^P	Y	+NSC/+IV	c
(Caruso, Petrarca, and Ricciuti 2016)	1993-2003	Asia	+T	Y	+INTRA	c
(Sarsons 2015)	1950-1995	Asia	+P	Y	-NSC	c
(Zhang et al. 2006)	1000-1911	Asia	-T	Y	+C	d
(Zhang et al. 2007)	1000-1911	Asia	-T	Y	+C	ab
(Zhang et al. 2010)	10-1990	Asia	-T	Y	+C	a
(Bernauer and Siegfried 2012)	1991-2045	Asia	CC	N	+INTER
(Wischnath and Buhaug 2014)	1950-2008	Asia	CV	N	INTRA	bc
(Buntgen et al. 2011)	500b.c.-2011	Europe	^T/^P/CV	Y	^C	b
(Lee et al. 2013)	1400-1995	Europe	NAO	Y	+C	bd
(Zhang et al. 2011)	1500-1800	Europe	-T	Y	+C	a
(Tol and Wagner 2010)	1000-2000	Europe	-T	~	+C	abcd
(Zhang et al. 2007b)	1400-1900	Europe-Asia	-T	Y	+C	bc
(Devlin and Hendrix 2014)	1950-2002	Global	^P	Y	^C	c
(Gartzke 2012)	1816-200	Global	+T	Y	-INTER	ab
(Ghimire and Ferreira 2016)	1985-2009	Global	+DIS	Y	INTER	c
(Gizelis and Wooden 2010)	1981-2000	Global	^W	Y	INTRA	a
(Hsiang, Meng, and Cane 2011)	1950-2004	Global	EL	Y	INTRA	abcd
(Landis 2014)	1948–2011	Global	+T/-P	Y	+INTRA/+NSC	c
(Nardulli, Peyton, and Bajjalieh 2015)	1981-2004	Global	DIS	Y	C	c
(Nel and Righarts 2008)	1950-2002	Global	DIS	Y	+INTRA	abc
(Salehyan and Hendrix 2014)	1970-2006	Global	+P	Y	+NSC	cd
(Schleussner et al. 2016)	1980-2010	Global	DIS	Y	INTRA	c
(Slettebak 2012)	1950-2008	Global	DIS/D	Y	-INTRA	abc
(Theisen 2008)	1979-2001	Global	L	Y	INTRA	ae
(Tir and Stinnett 2012)	1950-2002	Global	-W	Y	INTER	c
(Bergholt and Lujala 2012)	1980-2007	Global	+DIS	N	+INTRA	abc
(Böhmelt et al. 2014)	1997-2009	Global	CV	N	^INTRA/^NST	c
(Dell, Jones, and Olken 2012)	1950-2003	Global	^T	N	^C	cd
(Klomp and Bulte 2013)	1960-2008	Global	^P/^T	N	+INTRA	b
(Koubi et al. 2012)	1980-2004	Global	^P/^T	N	+INTRA	abc
(Raleigh and Urdal 2007)	1990-2004	Global	^L/^W	~	+INTRA/NSC	abce
(Urdal 2005)	1950-2000	Global	L	~	INTER	ae

Legend:
Independent variable (IV): CC = climate change; CV = climate variability; P = precipitation; T = temperature; D = draught, DIS = climate-induced disasters; V = vegetation, L = land, W = freshwater; SLR = sea-level rise; EL = ENSO; NAO = North Atlantic Oscillation
Link: Y = leads to; N = does not lead to; ~ = is not clear if it leads to.
Dependent variable (DV): C = conflict; INTER = inter-state conflict; INTRA = intra-state conflict; NSC = non-state conflict; IV = interpersonal violence.
Symbols: + = increase; – = decrease; ^ = variation (increase or decrease)
* Additional sources: a = (Scheffran et al. 2012); b = (Selby 2014); c = (Sakaguchi, Varughese, and Auld 2017); d = (Burke, Hsiang, and Miguel 2015); e = (Buhaug, Gleditsch, and Theisen 2008).
This table was retrieved from Scartozzi (2020). Read the original paper for more information.
Cite as: Scartozzi, Cesare M. “Reframing Climate-Induced Socio-Environmental Conflicts: A Systematic Review.” International Studies Review (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa064.

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Resources and Useful Links

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Essential Readings on Climate Security

Last updated: Aug. 30, 2020

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